Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, with skin cancer being the first. If diagnosed early, it can be treated with surgery or radiation therapy, often alongside hormone therapy. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma from prostate biopsy. For this process several IHC prostate cancer biomarkers are used. A key biomarker is Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), which is used in the PSA blood test for early detection, as well as histological diagnosis. Another key biomarker is Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) which is used in order to determine whether the basal cell myoepithelial layer has been affected by a tumour. It has also been used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer compared to benign tumours. An additional predictive biomarker is ERG. A transcriptional regulator, ERG plays a pivotal role in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer, as a result of several different fusions it undergoes. With the importance of biomarkers such as these, it is hoped that the discovery of new biomarkers will enable improvements to both early detection and treatments.

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